![]() How to communicate without rooting your Android Tablet or Phone – Using Android in Industrial Automation. Intro. In the past two posts we have explained the basics of USB communication with the Arduino Uno (also applicable for Arduino Mega). Galaxy Nexus to Arduino UNO via USBIn this post we’ll put everything together and show you how to communicate between your Android application and the Arduino using nothing but the Android USB host API. Remember, this approach has nothing to do with Android ADK! Unlike Android ADK, your Android device will act as the USB host, while your Arduino board will act as the USB device. For the following application to work, you will require an Android device that supports USB host mode as well as the USB host API. Most Android 3. 1+ tablets will suffice (some may require an USB OTG adapter). The Internet of Things with ESP32 -- the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth system on a chip! Download the free trial version below to get started. Double-click the downloaded file to install the software. Also, the Galaxy Nexus has host mode enabled and matches the requirements (you will need an USB OTG adapter however). This example consists of two parts: The Android application that makes use of the USB APIA simple Android app that let’s you regulate the brightness of an LED on the Arduino using a slider. It also features a button to “enumerate” the USB device. Firmware for the Arduino that does some serial I/O with the Android app. Arduino code for IMU Guide algorithm. Using a 5DOF IMU (accelerometer and gyroscope combo) - This article introduces an implementation of a simplified filtering.![]() Very basic firmware for the Arduino. An interrupt is generated when a new byte is received. The received data controls the brightness of the Arduino’s on- board LED.(implemented via usleep- style software pwm in the main loop). The Arduino firmware. In the main loop the firmware asserts and clears the LED pin of the Arduino (PB5). Here is a shortened excerpt. PORTB |= (1 < < LED). PORTB & = ~(1 < < LED). During a period of 2. LED is asserted for a duration of pause*1. Simply put, this is a very simple software PWM. During that time, “data” and consequently “pause” may be changed within an interrupt routine form the serial USART port. This happens when the Android side sends data to the Arduino. The interrupt routine is extremely basic. ISR(USART_RX_vect) {//attention to the name and argument here, won't work otherwise. UDR0; //UDR0 needs to be read. The RX data has to be read in the ISR (interrupt service routine) from UDR0; have a look at the Atmega. P reference manual for further details. Since we are doing no multi- buffering shenanigans the handling is extremely simple (no need to call cli() or anything). The rest of the code is initialization of the I/O pins and UART functionality. Download the complete example here: led_pwm. Controlled LED on the UNO by the firmware. The Android app. The Android application uses the basic knowledge of the preceding blog post Arduino USB transfers. During USB initialization, the Arduino USB serial converter is set up and after that, communication is done using the bulk IN endpoint of the very same serial converter. With both the aforementioned firmware installed your Arduino board and the Android application installed on your phone or tablet, you will be able to control the brightness of the Arduino Uno’s built- in LED with a slider on your Android device. Again, please note that this will only work with devices that actually support both USB host mode (hardware, kernel requirement) as well as the Android USB host API (Android OS requirement). The source code is available here: Usb. Controller. tar. gz** You may need to change the PID value in Usb. Controller. Activity. Arduino Uno Rev. 3 or higher. You can check the VID/PID value with ‘lsusb’ after connecting the Arduino to your computer. Many parts of the code are probably familiar to Android SW engineers. The most interesting section is in the class Usb. Controller where the Arduino device is set up and communication is initiated. So let’s have a closer look at the inner class Usb. Runnable within Usb. Controller. private class Usb. Runnable implements Runnable {. Usb. Device m. Device. Usb. Runnable(Usb. Device dev) {. m. Device = dev. public void run() {//here the main USB functionality is implemented. Usb. Device. Connection conn = m. Usb. Manager. open. Device(m. Device). Interface(m. Device. Interface(1), true)) {. Arduino USB serial converter setup. Transfer(0x. 21, 3. Transfer(0x. 21, 3. Usb. Endpoint ep. IN = null. Usb. Endpoint ep. OUT = null. Usb. Interface usb. If = m. Device. get. Interface(1). for (int i = 0; i < usb. If. get. Endpoint. Count(); i++) {. if (usb. If. get. Endpoint(i). Type() == Usb. Constants. USB_ENDPOINT_XFER_BULK) {. If. get. Endpoint(i). Direction() == Usb. Constants. USB_DIR_IN). IN = usb. If. get. Endpoint(i). ep. OUT = usb. If. get. Endpoint(i). Send. Lock) {//ok there should be a OUT queue, no guarantee that the byte is sent actually. Send. Lock. wait(). Interrupted. Exception e) {. Stop) {. m. Connection. Handler. on. Usb. Stopped(). e. print. Stack. Trace(). conn. Transfer(ep. OUT, new byte[] { m. Data }, 1, 0). if (m. Stop) {. m. Connection. Handler. on. Usb. Stopped(). After the USB interface has been claimed the Arduino USB serial converter is initialized by issuing the following control transfers. Transfer(0x. 21, 3. Transfer(0x. 21, 3. The first call sets the control line state, the second call sets the line encoding (9. N1). For communication, an additional thread is used to send data without blocking the Activity’s main UI thread. By notifying s. Send. Lock of the Usb. Controller the data will be transferred. After submission, the thread will go into “wait” again. This way, even if submission takes more time than expected, the Activity’s main thread will not be blocked and hence the app will not become unresponsive. Screenshot of the Android App. Also note that in the Android Manifest none of the XML- style device filters are needed, since enumeration happens by the user in the app when pressing the “enumerate” button. Device filters – and therefore automatic activity launch when connecting the Arduino – are not used in this example in order to make the code simpler to comprehend. However, this could be easily implemented with a few lines of additional code. For developing this example we have used a Galaxy Nexus Phone with an USB- OTG adapter cable. It has also been successfully tested with an Android Tablet, the Acer Iconia Tab A5. This post concludes the 3- Part Arduino USB communication series. Feel free to post any questions or feedback/ideas in the comments section or contact us via E- Mail (http: //www. All code you find in this post can be used under GPL for your own projects. The following section “About Android and USB Host” again concludes why USB- Host is becoming more and more important for mobile devices and points out main differences between Android ADK (Android Accessory Development Kit) and the Android USB Host API. EDIT: control transfers for FTDI equiped Arduinos. Since we got requested a lot if the FTDI Usb- Serial converter will work too, here ist the control transfer code that needs to be exchanged. No warranties though ?. Transfer(0x. 40, 0, 0, 0, null, 0, 0); // reset. Transfer(0x. 40, 0, 1, 0, null, 0, 0); // clear Rx. Transfer(0x. 40, 0, 2, 0, null, 0, 0); // clear Tx. Transfer(0x. 40, 0x. Source Links. Android App: Usb. Controller. tar. gz*Arduino main: led_pwm. You may need to change the PID value in Usb. Controller. Activity. Arduino Uno Rev. 3 or higher. You can check the VID/PID value with ‘lsusb’ after connecting the Arduino to your computer. About Android and USB Host. Lately it has become more and more popular to use tablets or mobile phones to communicate with the outside world over USB. After all, many devices now feature a full USB Host, either with a USB- OTG converter or even with a full sized USB Type A interface. Also, the future promises even more host availability on mobile phones. This opens up an entire range of new possibilities for already existing hardware as well as newly designed hardware for phones. Not too long ago, Android received its own USB API. It was at the Google I/O in summer 2. Android Open Accessory Development Kit” was announced and released. However it lacked of a few crucial points. The API implied that there is an external USB host, acting as a “master” if you will. On the one hand, this means that an already existing USB device mode gadget cannot work with your Android device. Therefore, if a manufacturer wanted to support Android phones it was necessary to create new hardware as well as new firmware. Secondly, the new hardware had to be designed to power itself and also deliver power the Android device; this implied that mobile gadgets require their own power source.
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